缔约过失方应承担相应的赔偿责任/骆玉生

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缔约过失方应承担相应的赔偿责任


一、案情:
被告万某有三间平房根据城镇规划需要拆除。万某自己拆除了屋顶上的盖瓦等材料后,留下墙体未拆。2003年8月22日早晨,万某找到拉运沙石的费某、陈某、汪某、蒋某,要求他们为其拆除剩下的墙体。万某与四人谈妥拆除价款为200元,要求他们拆墙时不能损坏墙体上的窗户。之后,万某即另做它事。费某等四人各自取来工具,自行爬上3米多高的墙头,在没有任何防护措施的情况下开始拆除墙体。汪某坐在墙头上,用自带的铁锤敲打墙体。施工约十分钟后,汪某从墙头摔到地面受伤,构成九级伤残。汪某住院治疗51天,用去医疗费25091.90元。2004年2月,汪某以万某为被告向法院起诉,要求万某赔偿医疗费、误工费、护理费、交通费、伤残补助费等费用共计49000余元。
二、处理意见:
在该案的实体处理上,存在着三种不同的意见。
第一种意见是原、被告之间是雇佣关系,被告万某应承担赔偿原告汪某损失的责任,但汪某自己也有过错,可以减轻万某的赔偿责任。理由是:公民的生命健康受到法律保护。原告与其他三人在拆除被告房屋墙体前,与被告协商达成了口头劳动协议,被告支付原告等人劳动报酬。原告等人为被告拆除三间平房墙体,以自己的劳动作为标的,双方之间已形成事实上的雇佣关系。原告从墙体上摔下造成脑部严重受伤,其健康权受到侵害,被告应承担赔偿责任。原告在高空作业,明知有危险,而不采取安全保护措施,对自己的损害存在过错,应减轻万某的民事赔偿责任。其比例为7:3为宜。即被告赔偿原告各项损失总和的70%。
第二种意见是驳回汪某的诉讼请求。理由是:原、被告之间是承揽关系,不是雇佣关系。被告就三间平房墙体拆除与汪某等四人经过协商,达成了口头协议。即原告等人自带工具、自行施工,不受被告的管理,在完成工作任务后才能获得200元报酬。这些都符合承揽关系的特征。原、被告之间应视为承揽关系。根据承揽关系的性质,承揽人在工作中受到人身损害的,定作人不承担责任。汪某在拆除墙体这一工作中,与其他三人是合伙关系。其在执行合伙事务过程中受伤,可以另行向其他合伙人主张权利。
第三种意见是原、被告之间是承揽关系,但被告在与原告等人口头协议时,违反了先合同义务,即将拆除房屋这一危险行为发包给无资质的农民工,有违诚实信用原则,即选任承揽人有过失,存在缔约过失责任。根据合同法的规定,被告应对其违反法定义务所造成的损害应酌情承担赔偿责任。根据本案具体情况,应赔偿原告各项损失总和的40%为宜。
笔者赞同第三种意见。
三、评析:
本案被告是否承担责任,可以从两个层面考虑。第一个层面是原、被告之间是雇佣关系还是承揽关系。如是雇佣关系,被告就要承担赔偿责任;如是承揽关系,被告如没有其他违法的情形,就不须承担赔偿责任。第二个层面,在承揽关系中,被告是否存在缔约过失。如存在缔约过失,就应该承担责任。相反,则不承担责任。
首先,我们应考虑原、被告间是雇佣关系,还是承揽关系。而要区分雇佣关系和承揽关系,我们国家目前还没有明确的法律规定。在理论上区别雇佣关系和承揽关系的通说是:雇佣关系是以直接提供劳务为目的,承揽关系以完成工作成果为目的,提供劳务仅仅是完成工作成果的手段;雇佣合同履行中所产生的风险是由接受劳务的雇佣人承担,承揽合同履行中所产生的风险有完成工作成果的承揽人承担;雇佣合同中的受雇人在一定程度上要受雇佣人的支配,在完成工作中须听从雇佣人的安排、指挥,而承揽合同的当事人之间是平等的,不存在支配与服从的关系。承揽人在完成工作中具有一定的独立性。最高人民法院民一庭编著的《人身损害赔偿司法解释的理解与适用》一书中,认为当事人双方就承揽与雇佣性质发生争议时,人民法院可以综合分析下列因素,结合案件具体情况予以认定:1、当事人之间是否存在控制、支配和从属关系;2、是否由一方当事人指定工作场所、提供劳动工具或设备,限制工作时间;3、是定期给付劳动报酬,还是一次性结算劳动报酬;4、是继续性提供劳动,还是一次性提供劳动成果;5、当事人一方提供的劳动是独立的业务,还是经营成果的组成部分。如当事人之间存在控制、支配和从属关系,由一方指定工作场所、提供劳动工具或设备,限制工作时间;定期给付劳动报酬,所提供的劳动是直接受劳务方生产、经营活动的组成部分的,可以认定为雇佣。相反,则应当认定为承揽关系。
本案中,被告与原告等四人协商达成口头劳动协议后,即另做它事。而费某等四人则各自带来工具,自行爬上墙头上拆除墙体,不受被告的控制和支配,该墙体拆除完毕后,被告才一次性地给付汪某等人劳动报酬。这是一次性的劳动,且该劳动并非万某生产、经营活动的组成部分。故原、被告之间并非雇佣关系,而是承揽合同关系。
其次,就本案中承揽合同关系而言,还应考虑被告是否存在缔约过失。我国的《合同法》第42条对缔约过失责任作出了明确规定:“当事人在订立合同过程中有下列情形之一,给对方造成损失的,应当承担损害赔偿责任:(1)假借订立合同,恶意进行磋商;(2)故意隐瞒与订立合同有关的重要事实或提供虚假情况;(3)有其他违背诚实信用原则的行为”。从缔约过失责任产生过程与保护利益看,缔约双方为了缔结合同从开始接触、磋商到合同订立后无效、被撤销过程双方之间形成的一种特殊信赖关系,双方期望通过订立合同去实现其期待的利益,因此依据诚信原则在当事人之间产生了保护、通知、说明、协力、忠实、照顾等义务(通常被称为先合同义务),对于这些义务的违反,势必会使另一方当事人的信赖利益受到损害,因此一方必须向另一方承担相应的赔偿责任。即缔约过失责任是指在合同订立过程中,一方因故意或过失违背依其诚实信用原则所应尽的义务,使合同未成立、被撤销或无效而致使另一方信赖利益的损失时应承担的民事责任。在今年5月1日开始施行的《最高人民法院关于审理人身损害赔偿案件适用法律若干问题的解释》中,第十条明确规定:“承揽人在完成工作中对第三人造成损害或者造成自身损害的,定作人不承担赔偿责任。但定作人对定作、指示或者选任有过失的,应当承担相应的赔偿责任”。该条解释所蕴涵的法理应该说是与《合同法》规定的缔约过失责任是一致的。
本案中,承揽合同的标的是拆除残存的墙体。残存的墙体达3米以上,拆除它具有一定的危险性。这是一项技术性要求比较高的活动。这是双方都明知的。不然的话,被告在拆除房屋盖瓦等材料后,也不会让他人来拆。被告的行为实际上是转移拆除墙体风险的行为。但被告忽视了法律、法规规定。对于拆除房屋这样一项要求较为严格的劳动,法律、法规规定了须要一定资质的单位和个人才能胜任。而被告却没有注意这些规定,明知费某等人是拉运沙石从事简单劳动的农民,却向这些不具有房屋拆除资格的农民发出要约。被告订立合同时存在缔约过失,造成合同主体一方存在瑕疵。现在,虽然双方均未主张该承揽合同无效或撤销,但不能免除被告在订立合同时的缔约过失责任。同理,汪某作为合同的一方,明知自己无拆房资质,而为了谋取劳动报酬,却与他人订立承揽合同,其也有缔约过失责任。另外,汪某明知拆除墙体具有一定的风险,在拆除过程中没有采取任何防护措施,自己未尽到注意的义务,故这方面也要承担一些责任。本案虽然不能直接适用今年5月1日开始施行的《最高人民法院关于审理人身损害赔偿案件适用法律若干问题的解释》第十条的规定,但根据前述缔约过失责任,结合本案实际情况,原、被告两方面责任相比,以6:4为宜。即原告自行承担各项损失的60%,被告赔偿原告各项损失的40%。

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湘潭市人民政府办公室关于印发《湘潭市公务员医疗补助暂行办法》的通知

湖南省湘潭市人民政府办公室


湘潭市人民政府办公室关于印发《湘潭市公务员医疗补助暂行办法》的通知

潭政办发〔2000〕34号


各县(市)区人民政府,市直机关各单位,市属和驻市各
企事业单位:
现将《湘潭市公务员医疗补助暂行办法》印发给你们,请遵照执行。


二000年十二月八日






湘潭市公务员医疗补助暂行办法

第一条 为进一步完善我市城镇职工医疗保险体系,保持国家公务员队伍稳定,保证政府高效运行,根据《国务院办公厅转发劳动部、财政部关于实行国家公务员医疗补助意见的通知》(国办发[2000]37号)和《湘潭市城镇职工基本医疗保险的实施办法》(潭政发[2000]14号)精神,结合我市公务员医疗保障的实际情况,制定本暂行办法。
第二条 医疗补助的范围为符合《国家公务员暂行条例》和《国家公务员制度实施方案》规定的国家行政机关工作人员和退休人员,以及列入参照国家公务员制度管理的机关事业单位工作人员和退休人员。
第三条 公务员医疗补助费暂按列入医疗补助范围中的在职人员上年度工资总额的2%筹集,按照现行财政管理体制,由同级财政列入当年财政预算。对于比照公务员执行的入员按公务员筹资标准由原资金渠道解决。
第四条 医疗补助费主要用于基本医疗保险统筹基金最高支付限额以上,符合基本医疗保险用药、诊疗范围和医疗服务设施标准的医疗费用的个人自付部分补助;在基本医疗保险支付范围内,个人自付超过一定数额的医疗费用补助。补助标准如下:
1、对参保人员首次住院费用个人自负段,即本人工资收入或退休费的10%,补助本人工资收入或退休费的4%。
2、对进入基本医疗保险统筹基金支付医疗费后的个人自负部分,按以下规定补助:
在职人员:自负段以上至5000元部分,个人自负比例补助2%;5000元至10000元部分,个人自负比例补助1.5%;10000元至基本医疗保险最高支付限额部分,个人自负比例补助1%。
退休人员:自负段以上至5000元部分,个人自负比例补助3%;5000元至10000元部分,个人自负比例补助1%;10000元至基本医疗保险最高支付限额部分,个人自负比例补助0.5%。
3、对参加了大病医疗互助的人员进入大病医疗互助后的自负比例补助1%。
第五条 参保单位要创造条件对公务员(含退休人员)个人医疗帐户自2001年起实行三年过渡性补助,原则上每人每年不超过本人一个月工资(退休金)。经费由各单位自筹,统一划拨到市医保中心,由医保中心如数记入参保人员个人医疗帐户。
第六条 公务员的医疗补助由各统筹地区劳动保障部门统一管理。医疗补助费必须与基本医疗保险基金分开运行,分别核算,不得相互挤占和挪用,并接受财政、审计部门和参保人员的监督。
第七条 有条件的单位可每年安排副处级以上领导干部、省部级以上劳模、有突出贡献专家、副高职称以上人员进行一次健康检查,检查费用由单位支付。
第八条 其他事业单位工作人员、退休人员,可参照国家公务员医疗补助办法实行医疗补助,补助经费按原资金渠道筹措。
第九条 本暂行办法从2001年1月1日起实行,由市劳动和社会保障局负责解释。










外国保险机构驻华代表机构管理办法(英文版)

中国保险监督管理委员会


外国保险机构驻华代表机构管理办法(英文版)


Rules on Administration of Representative Offices of Foreign Insurance Institutions

Chapter I General Provisions

Article 1
These rules are formulated in accordance with the Insurance Law of the People’s Republic of China, and for the purpose of strengthening the administration of representative offices of foreign insurance institutions (hereinafter referred to as “representative offices”), and meeting the needs of the opening up of China’s insurance market to the outside world.

Article 2
Foreign insurance institutions hereof referred to in these rules are those insurance companies, reinsurance companies, insurance intermediaries, insurance associations, and other insurance organizations incorporated outside the territory of the People’s Republic of China.
Representative offices hereof referred to in these rules are both representative offices and general representative offices established by foreign insurance institutions within Chinese territory for the purpose of conducting such non-operational activities as liaison service and market research etc.
Chief Representative hereof referred to in these rules is the principal responsible person of the representative office, and the general representative is the principal responsible person of the general representative office.

Article 3
Representative offices shall abide by Chinese laws and regulations and related regulations made by China Insurance Regulatory Commission (hereinafter referred to as “CIRC”) and their legitimate rights and interests are protected by Chinese laws.

Article 4
CIRC is authorized by law and the State Council to perform regulatory responsibilities over the representative offices.
Under the authorization scope of CIRC, the local branch offices of CIRC take general regulation of those representative offices that are located in their jurisdictions on behalf of CIRC.

Chapter Ⅱ Application and Establishment

Article 5
Foreign insurance institutions (hereinafter referred to as “the applicant”) applying to establish a representative office shall satisfy the following requirements:
(1) Good business performance;
(2) No record of any major violation of laws and regulations within three years prior to the application date;
(3) Other prudential requirements stipulated by CIRC.

Article 6
The formal application form for the establishment of representative office is provided by CIRC.

Article 7
The applicant shall submit the following documents:
(1) The formal application form;
(2) A letter of application addressed to the Chairman of CIRC and signed by its Chairman of the Board of Directors or General Manager of the concerned insurance institution;
(3) A photocopy of the business license or the certificate of authorization for insurance business, or the registry certificate issued by the relevant regulatory authorities of its home country or territory;
(4) Articles of association and the name list of the members of the Board of Directors, management personnel or principal partners;
(5) Annual reports of the last three years prior to the application;
(6) A letter of permit issued by the competent authority of its home country or territory allowing it to set up a representative office in China, or a letter of recommendation from the industrial association of which the applicant is a member, and both types of letters shall contain information about the penalty records of the applicant received within three years prior to the application;
(7) A power of attorney signed by the Chairman of the Board or General Manager for the chief representative designated;
(8) The resume of the designated chief representative and other relevant supporting documents;
(9) Other documents and materials required by CIRC.
The photocopy of the business license or the certificate of authorization for insurance business, or the registry certificate shall be subject to notarization certified by the applicant’s home country or territory or verification by the resident Embassy or Consulate of the People’s Republic of China in the applicant’s home country or territory.

Article 8
The applicant shall submit its application documents to CIRC. CIRC shall handle all the applications according to the following conditions:
(1) If the document has a mistake (mistakes) that can be corrected on the spot, the applicant shall be allowed to make the correction on the spot;
(2) If the document is incomplete or does not comply with regulatory formats, the applicant shall be informed on the spot or within five days of all the required corrections at one time. If the applicant is not informed of such information in this period, then it is assumed that the application is accepted for review on the day it is received by CIRC;
(3) If the document is complete and complies with regulatory formats, or after the applicant, upon request, has submitted additional documents and made necessary corrections, then the application shall be accepted for review.
Whether or not CIRC accepts the application for review, CIRC shall issue a written document with designated stamp and date indicated.

Article 9
Within 20 days from the date of receiving the application letter, CIRC shall make a decision on whether or not to approve. If the decision can not be made in the said 20 days, at the approval of the Chairman of CIRC, the said period can be extended 10 more days and the applicant shall be informed of reasons for the extension.
If CIRC decides to accept the application, it shall issue an approval document; in case of disapproval, CIRC shall state reasons in a written document.

Article 10
After a representative office receiving the official document of approval, it shall register with the State Administration of Industry and Commerce in line with relevant rules.
The representative office shall move into its official premises within three months from the date on which the approval document is issued; the approval document shall automatically become invalid if the said deadline is not observed.

Article 11
Any foreign insurance institution that has already established no less than two representative offices in China shall be allowed to apply to CIRC to appoint one of its representative offices as a general representative office.

Article 12
In applying to appoint the general representative office, foreign insurance institutions shall submit a letter of application addressed to the Chairman of CIRC and signed by its Chairman of the Board of Directors or General Manager of the concerned insurance institution.
The application for setting up a general representative office is subject to the same rules governing the application of a representative office.

Chapter Ⅲ Supervision and Administration

Article 13
The official title of the representative office shall be arranged in the following order: name of the foreign insurance institution + name of the city where the representative office is to be located + representative office; The official title of the representative office shall be arranged in the following order: name of the foreign insurance institution + general representative office in China.

Article 14
Except the principal responsible person, other major staff members shall be entitled “Representative” or “Deputy Representative”.

Article 15
Employees of representative office shall abide by Chinese laws and regulations, with high integrity and clean record.

Article 16
A general representative shall have a work experience above 8 years and hold a junior college degree or a higher academic degree; a chief representative shall have a work experience above 5 years, and hold a junior college degree or a higher academic degree.
Without a junior college degree, the general representative or chief representative shall have a work experience above 10 years in the insurance business.

Article 17
A maximum of three employees of foreign nationality are allowed in each representative office.

Article 18
A representative office and its employees shall not enter into any agreement or contract with any legal or natural persons, which might generate an income to the representative office or the foreign insurance institution it represents, and shall not be involved in business activities of any kind.

Article 19
A representative office shall have official premises, necessary office facilities and full-time staff.

Article 20
The General Representative or Chief Representative shall not work in two or more representative offices or any business institution in China.

Article 21
The General Representative or Chief Representative shall attend to the daily activities of the representative office on a permanent basis. If he or she consecutively stays away from the representative office for a period or more than one month, he or she shall delegate his or her responsibility as the General Representative or Chief Representative to a person specially appointed, and submit a written report to the local branch office of CIRC.

Article 22
A representative office shall submit two copies of its annual work report of the previous year before the end of each February to the CIRC’s local branch office, who shall then forward the report to CIRC’s head office.
The work report shall follow the format prescribed by CIRC.

Article 23
A representative office shall submit the annual report of the foreign insurance institution it represents to both CIRC and CIRC’s local branch office within six months after the end of each accounting year of the foreign insurance institution.

Article 24
If any following major event occurs in an insurance institution that has maintained a representative office in China, the representative office shall, within 10 days after the occurrence of the event, submit a written report to CIRC and copy the report to CIRC’s local branch office.
(1) A change in its articles of association, register capital, and registered business address;
(2) Division or merger or change of top management;
(3) Serious losses resulted in business operation;
(4) Penalties imposed for violations of laws and regulations;
(5) Major regulatory actions taken against it by the regulatory authorities of its home country or territory;
(6) Other matters which may seriously disrupt business operation of the foreign insurance institution.

Article 25
In case of changing a General Representative or Chief Representative, the representative office shall apply to CIRC, and submit the following documents:
(1) A letter of application addressed to the Chairman of CIRC, and signed by its Chairman of the Board of Directors or General Manager of the concerned insurance institution;
(2) Power of attorney of the proposed General Representative or chief representative signed by the Chairman of the Board of Directors or General Manager;
(3) Proof of personal identity certificates, certificate of academic degree and resume of the proposed General Representative or Chief Representative.

Article 26
If a foreign insurance institution intends to terminate its representative office’s operation, it shall submit a letter of application addressed to the Chairman of CIRC, and signed by its Chairman of the Board of Directors or General Manager of the concerned insurance institution.

Article 27
If a foreign insurance institution intends to change the name of its representative office, it shall submit a letter of application addressed to the Chairman of CIRC, and signed by its Chairman of the Board of Directors or General Manager of the concerned insurance institution, together with other relevant proving documents about the renaming.

Article 28
Under the situation stipulated in Article 25, Article 26, and Article 27, CIRC shall make a decision on whether to approve or disapprove of the application within 20 days from the date of receiving a complete set of application documents.
If a decision of approval is made, it shall issue an approval document; if a decision of disapproval is made, it shall notify the applicant in writing and give the reasons.

Article 29
A representative office can change its office location within the same administrative area it resides only.
The concerned representative office shall submit CIRC’s local branch office of its new office address, telephone and fax numbers within 5 days from the date of changing.

Article 30
In case of changing, increasing or reducing the number of Representatives, Deputy Representatives, or foreign employees, the concerned representative office shall report to CIRC’s local branch office within 5 days from the date of changing, and submit the proof of personal identity certificates, certificate of academic degree and resume of the nominated personnel.

Article 31
When a representative office is approved to be changed to a general representative office, the original representative office is cancelled automatically. The general representative office shall apply to the State Administration of the Industry and Commerce for cancellation of the registration of the representative office within one month from the date of CIRC’s approval within one month from the date of CIRC’s approval.

Article 32
If a general representative office is the only representative office in China after the insurance institution it represents withdraws all other representative offices, the general representative office shall be changed into a representative office.
The general representative office shall apply to CIRC by submitting an application letter regarding such change signed by the Chairman of the Board of Directors or General Manager of the concerned foreign insurance institution. Within 20 days from the date of receiving the application letter, CIRC shall make a decision on whether or not to approve. If CIRC decides to accept the application, it shall issue an approval document; in case of disapproval, CIRC shall state reasons in a written document.
When a general representative office is approved to be changed to a representative office, the original general representative office is cancelled automatically. The representative office shall apply to the State Administration of the Industry and Commerce for cancellation of its registration within one month from the date of CIRC’s approval.

Article 33
After a representative office of the foreign insurance institution is terminated by the CIRC, all the issues left unsettled shall be taken over and handled by its general representative office in China; if there is no such a general representative office, responsibilities on all issues left unsettled shall be taken over and handled by the foreign insurance institution’s other representative offices in China; if there is no any other representative office in China, responsibilities on all issues left unsettled shall be borne by the foreign insurance institution itself.

Article 34
CIRC and its local branch offices conduct general supervision and annual inspection over the representative offices of foreign institutions in regard to the following issues:
(1) The completeness of the procedures for the changes made by the representative office;
(2) The truthfulness of the documents and materials submitted to CIRC;
(3) The completeness of the procedures for the appointments or changes of staff members of representative offices;
(4) Whether or not representative offices are conducting business activities;
(5) Other items required by CIRC and its local branch offices.

Chapter Ⅳ Legal Liability

Article 35
Any representative office established without approval, in violation of certain provisions of these Rules, shall be banned by CIRC in accordance with law.

Article 36
If a representative office is engaged in financial business activities in violation of these Rules, it shall be punished by CIRC in line with relevant laws and regulations. If a representative office is engaged in profit-seeking operational activities other than insurance business, it shall be imposed a disciplinary warning or a fine below RMB 300,000 yuan.

Article 37
If a representative office fails to submit relevant reports or documents as stipulated in Article 22, 23, 24 of these Rules to CIRC, it shall be imposed a warning and ordered to make correction by CIRC’s local branch office.

Article 38
Employees of a representative office being with direct responsibility for activities violating these Rules shall be imposed by CIRC with a disciplinary warning and /or a fine below RMB 5000 yuan, according to the seriousness of the cases.

Article 39
CIRC may issue a disciplinary warning to a representative office involved in providing false information or concealing important facts.

Article 40
CIRC may order the representative offices, found in violation of other provisions stipulated in these Rules, to make corrections; those who do not make corrections within a prescribed time period shall be issued a disciplinary warning.

Chapter Ⅴ Supplementary Provisions

Article 41
These Rules shall, mutatis mutandis, apply to the representative offices established in the mainland by insurance institutions from the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the Macao Special Administrative Region, and Taiwan region.

Article 42
These Rules shall, mutatis mutandis, apply to the resident offices of foreign insurance institutions approved to establish in China by CIRC.

Article 43
The terms “above”, “below” and “within” used to indicate a threshold number shall include the number itself.

Article 44
The approval and reporting periods prescribed in these Rules concerning licensing and reporting periods refer to working days, which exclude weekends and public holidays.

Article 45
CIRC shall be responsible for the interpretation of these Rules.

Article 46
These Rules shall be effective as of March 1, 2004, and the Rules on Administration of Representative Offices of Foreign Insurance Institutions, issued by CIRC on November 26, 1999 shall be repealed simultaneously.