《刑事侦查员的素质、任职与教育训练》

关键词：刑事 侦查员 训练

侦查破案是公安机关最重要的职能之一。这一重要职能作用的强弱，直接影响严打的力度，也影响着公安机关的整体社会形象。因此，必须尽快建立和实行刑侦民警任职资格与选拔、淘汰制度;改革现在的警察教育模式，向职业型素质教育转变。
一、刑事侦查员的基本素质应当是坚定信念、敬业精神、文化素养、业务能力与健康体魄的统一。
1、政治素质方面:必须有坚定的共产主义信念，与党同心同德。必须特别强调对党、对国家、对人民的一致的、始终不渝的忠诚。日常应体现在严格的组织纪律和自觉而强烈的敬业精神上。把热爱党、热爱人民同热爱刑侦工作融为一体，甘心为刑事侦查工作吃苦献身。
2、文化素质方面，应当具备与社会发展相适应的文化基础，有一定的语言和文字表达水平、辩证逻辑思维能力、较广泛的科技知识和心理学等相关学科的基础知识，这些综合体现在相应的学历层次上。
3、业务素质方面:应当具备独立分析案件能力、调查取证能力、群众工作能力、现场勘验和物证种属识别能力、起草公安应用文书和整理案卷能力，以及通过公开或秘密手段发现、收集、分析、运用情报线索的能力。
4、法律素质方面:应当具备很强的法制观念，对本职业务必需的法律、法规应当精通会用，有严格依法办事的意识和依法行使权力的水平。
5、身体和心理素质方面:应当有健康的体质，能承受紧张工作的压力，关键时刻能冲得上去、连续作战。心理要健康，能正确认识社会丑恶现象，把握自身;有嫉恶如仇、为民除害的强烈意识;有处事不惊、临危不乱、沉着冷静的应变心理素质。
要从上述五个方面基本素质上考核和选拔刑侦民警，舍得把那些优秀的青年民警放到刑侦第一线去锻炼培养，下决心把那些根本不适应、不愿意做刑事侦查工作的民警淘汰出去，彻底改变刑侦队伍的现状，改善刑警队伍在公安机关内的地位和形象，让最艰苦的岗位成为管理最严格、最能战斗、效率最高、领导最放心，也最受人尊重的岗位。
二、按照基本素质和不同层次的不同要求，设置任职等级标准，并通过考核晋升制度，稳定队伍、提高待遇。
刑侦队伍是一文比较庞大的专业队伍;要保持较强的战斗力，应当保持队伍相对稳定，把那些有经验的优秀侦查员留住。刑侦工作“苦、难、险”，形成了刑侦队伍内部不稳定的因素。要解决这一突出矛盾，应当实行侦查员等级考核制。对一线侦查员单独设置职级系列，严格职级考核晋升，兑现相应的待遇，不受行政职数限制。譬如实行四级侦查员制:
1、初级(或见习)侦查员，应当在领导安排和老同志带领下，积极参加侦查破案的各项工作，在实践中接受锻炼和考验，使理论同实践结合。见习期满，经考试和业绩、工作态度等内容的考核，决定是否晋升。
2、三级侦查员，应当具有协助办案能力，能根据领导指派，承担调查取证、笔录、绘图，配合勘验、搜查、拘捕和审讯，完成案卷整理等工作。经实绩考核，连续称职或优秀，并经考试合格可以晋升。
3、二级侦查员，应具有独立办案能力;能独立处理一般刑事案件现场，配合勘验重大案件现场，能独立分析案情提出自己的见解，能独立或为主承担调查取证、审讯、追捕、建情和带情工作，能组织案例分析、总结侦破工作中的经验和教训。连续称职或优秀、并经相应的培训和考试合格可晋升。
4、一级侦查员，应具备组织指挥重大案件现场勘验、采取紧急措施及现场讨论的能力。可以设计侦查方案，能按照分工指挥刑侦人员完成侦破任务，能对刑侦工作基础与长远建设提出建议方案。
公安部应当高度重视这项工作，会同人事部门通过调研和征求意见，设计具体的实施细则，解决如何考核、晋升年限和具体办法、待遇等问题。这对于稳定刑侦队伍、促进提高素质将起重大推动作用。此外，退休待遇应向刑侦一级民警倾斜。
三、改革现行警察教育模式，培养高素质的刑侦干部。
以往的警察教育同普通教育没有重要区别，参加全国或全市统考人学，人学后基本上仿照普通院校教学计划模式安排理论课程和面授。有些公共课程耗时不少，学而无用，又不能减;有些专业课程需要大量实践，而课时量又受限。因而，院校培养出来的学生不能马上适应实践工作需要。警察教育改革可以首先从刑侦教育改革人手。刑事警察也是一种特殊的职业，它有自身特殊的岗位知识需求，应当按照职业教育的人学模式录取学员，按照职业教育的特点设置教学计划。以天津市中等职业教育为例，人学时采取了3+2模式，基本文化如识考试可以取政治、语文、数学三科，另加心理测试和体能测试。这两部分分别制定标准，均合格者择优录取。在教学中实行2+1模式:前两年按照职业教育要求在学校学习必要的业务基础知识和老师指导下的实验、实习，取得毕业资格。第三年见习期内，分配到刑侦部门，但仍以学校教育为主，实行学校和业务部门共同培训、共同考核办法。在这一年内重点开设实践教学和技能训练，如驾驶、擒敌格斗、通讯器材使用及结合刑侦业务的计算机使用、现场勘查操作、案例分析讨论、制作笔录和记录训练。学校和业务部门共同承担授课与训练工作。一年期满后进行等级考试，可以分别取得见习侦查员或三级侦查员资格。经过这种专门技能强化训练的学员必然能很快适应实战需要。
此外，对侦查员等级晋升，制定相应的业务培训制度，既学习新的如识 (如新法规、证据学、领导学等)，又给予一定的休整提高的机会，使实践与理论相长。
警察教育改革的长远目标，应当仿效军事院校模式，脱离普教系统;形成自上而下的独立的警察教育体系，在专业设置、计划安排、院校布局、学位授予等方面实现自主，按照自身的实际需求，办出自己的特色。
(兰绍江)

(原载于天津《警察学研究》1998年第2期。作者单位 天津市政法管理干部学院)


国务院


国务院批转外国投资管理委员会、邮电部关于禁止各单位以及外商在我境内办理速递文件业务的请示的通知(附英文)
国务院


国务院同意外国投资管理委员会、邮电部《关于禁止各单位以及外商在我境内办理速递文件业务的请示》。现批转给你们，望按照执行。

关于禁止各单位以及外商在我境内办理速递文件业务的请示
国际特快传递业务（有的国家和地区称为速递文件业务），是最近十几年国际间兴起的一种新的邮政业务。这项特快专递业务是从寄件人手中收寄特快专递邮件后，按事先预定的航班发运，途中运输紧密衔接，到寄达邮局后由专门人员立即投送收件人。这项业务的特点是交寄方便、运
输迅速、按时投递、保证安全，整个邮递过程比一航航空邮件快得较多，收费比一般航空邮件较高。办好这项业务既能为用户提供良好的服务，又可增加企业收入。我国邮政自一九八Ｏ年七月十五日后，已同世界上十几个国家开办了特快专递邮件业务。随着我国民经济的发展，我国邮政与
各国邮政间的特快专递邮件业务也将随之发展起来。
一九八Ｏ年四、五月间，香港敦豪公司与广东省广州市邮局商办速递文件业务。同年八、九月间，美国敦豪公司又同我外贸部咨询与技术服务公司商办速递文件业务。他们这种要求，实际上就是国外私人企业在我国领土上设立办理国际邮件业务的“邮局”。他们不仅要求我国用户按照
其有关规章办理，而且要由该公司自行制订收费标准，我邮政无权过问。这不仅有损于我国主权、邮政经营管理权和经济利益，也将会造成我国邮政通信管理上的混乱。因此，不能允许国外任何私人企业在我国经营邮政通信和速递文件业务。对此，邮电部商得外国投资管理委员会的同意，
分别于一九八Ｏ年七月二十三日、九月十二日告知广东省邮电管理局和外贸部，以邮政通信包括信函、印刷品、文件资料的进出口传递业务应统由邮电部邮政总局管理和办理为由予以制止。
一九八Ｏ年十月下旬，美国艾德曼公司开始在北京国际俱乐部私自办理速递文件业务。艾德曼公司现在国际俱乐部租有办公室，并从北京市友谊商业服务公司雇用工作人员一人，负责办理速递文件业务的具体投递等事宜。到目前为止已由北京民航局收到自巴黎、香港和美国发来的速递
文件数件，由该公司雇用的工作人员送投收件人。外国私人公司来我国争办特快专递邮件业务的目的，是为了夺揽我国和世界各国或地区的来往速递文件业务。美国敦豪公司的一名顾问曾称，敦豪公司急于来中国开办速递文件业务，主要是想争个最先来中国的资格，打算先赔三至四年钱，
但以后会赚大钱。我们认为，对于美国艾德曼公司在北京私办速递文件业务的行为，应予以制止。
目前，我国邮政法尚未制订出来，国内不少单位尚不了解我国邮政是统一经营管理的。为了今后能更有效地维护我国邮政统一，禁止我国除邮政部门外的任何单位、个人以及外商在我国境内擅自开办速递文件业务，有必要重申，凡在我国境内以及我国与外国间开办的邮政业务，包括信
函、印刷品、文件资料的进出口传递业务以及速递文件业务，均由邮电部统一管理和办理，并统一制订资费标准和各种规章制度。其他机关、企业或个人不得在国内经营速递文件业务，尤其不应允许外国私商来我国插手经营此项业务。

以上如无不妥，请批转各地区、各部门执行。

CIRCULAR OF THE STATE COUNCIL CONCERNING THE APPROVAL AND TRANS-MISSION OF THE REQUEST FOR INSTRUCTIONS OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE COMMISSIONFOR FOREIGN INVESTMENT AND THE MINISTRY OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS ONFORBIDDING ANY UNITS OR FO
REIGN BUSINESSMEN TO ENGAGE IN EXPRESS DELIVERYOF DOCUMENTS

Important Notice: (注意事项)

英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)

CIRCULAR OF THE STATE COUNCIL CONCERNING THE APPROVAL AND TRANS-
MISSION OF THE REQUEST FOR INSTRUCTIONS OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE COMMISSION
FOR FOREIGN INVESTMENT AND THE MINISTRY OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS ON
FORBIDDING ANY UNITS OR FOREIGN BUSINESSMEN TO ENGAGE IN EXPRESS DELIVERY
OF DOCUMENTS IN OUR COUNTRY
(January 19, 1981)
The State Council has approved the Request for Instructions on Forbidding
Any Units or Foreign Businessmen to Engage in Express Delivery of
Documents in Our Country sent by the Administrative Commission for Foreign
Investment and the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. It is hereby
transmitted to you for implementation.

REQUEST FOR INSTRUCTIONS ON FORBIDDING ANY UNITS OR FOREIGN BUSINESSMEN TO
ENGAGE IN EXPRESS DELIVERY OF DOCUMENTS IN OUR COUNTRY
International express delivery (also called special delivery of documents
in some countries and regions) is a new postal service emerged in the
world only over 10 years ago. By this postal service, express delivery
mail from the addresser shall be transported with schedule flights,
through closely-link transport means on the way, to the post office at the
destination, where it is immediately delivered to the addressee by hand.
This service is characterized by convenience, speed, timeliness and
safety. The delivery is much faster than ordinary air mail, though the
charge is also higher. Providing express delivery not only offers good
service to customers, but also increases the revenues. Since July 15,
1980, the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of our country has
established express delivery with more than a dozen countries in the
world. With the development of our national economy, this service will
further develop between China and other countries in the world.

Sometime in April and May, 1980, DHL-SINOTRANS Ltd. In Hong Kong held
discussion with the Guangzhou Municipal Post Office in Guangdong Province
about the express delivery service. In August and September the same year,
Dunhao Company in the United States also held discussions with the
Consultation and Technical Service Company of the Ministry of Foreign
Trade for the same purpose. They were, in fact, asking for the
establishment of "a post office" by foreign private enterprises in order
to handle international mails in the Chinese territory. According to their
plan, the Chinese Customers should observe their relevant regulations and,
moreover, they would fix their own charge standards, in which our postal
service has no right to intervene. This would not only infringe upon our
sovereignty, right of postal management and administration and economic
interests, but also cause disorder in the administration of post and
communications in our country. Therefore, no foreign private enterprises
are allowed to engage in the business of postal communication and express
delivery of documents. In this connection, the Ministry of Posts and
Telecommunications, with the agreement of the Administrative Commission
for Foreign Investment, notified the Administration for Postal Affairs of
Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Foreign Trade on July 23, 1980 and
September 12, 1980 respectively that they must stop their negotiations
with the relevant companies on the ground that the delivery of letters,
printed matters, documents and materials must all be administered and
managed by the General Post Office of the Ministry of Posts and
Telecommunications.

In late October, 1980, American ALTMAN Co. of the United States started
the service of express delivery of documents at the International Club in
Beijing without authorization. American ALTMAN Co. has rented an office
from the club and hired a staff member from the Friendship Commercial
Services Company of Beijing Municipality in charge of the actual business.
Up to now, several documents have arrived at the Beijing Civil Aviation
Administration by special delivery from Paris, Hong Kong and the United
States and have been delivered to the addressees by the employee. The
purpose of the foreign private enterprises in vying for express delivery
service in China is to seize the business of express delivery of documents
between China and other countries and regions in the world. A consultant
of DHL-SINOTRANS Ltd. in the United States once said that the company was
eager to start the business of express delivery in China, mainly because
it wanted to be the first of such companies; it was ready to lose money on
the venture for first three to four years, but it expected to make big
money later. We hold that American ALTMAN Co.'s unauthorized business in
Beijing mentioned above must be stopped. At present, a law for postal
service has not been formulated in China and many units do not know that
the postal service in China is under unified management and
administration. In order to protect the unification of our postal service
more effectively in the future and forbid any enterprises or individuals
outside the postal department and any foreign businessmen to start the
business of special delivery of documents in China without authorization,
it is necessary to reiterate that any postal service which is run within
China or jointly run with other countries, including the inward or outward
delivery of letters, printed matter, documents and materials and special
delivery of documents, must be administered and managed in a unified way
by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, which is responsible for
formulation of unified postal charges and various rules and regulations.
Other organs, enterprises or individuals may not engage in the business of
express delivery of documents in China. Foreign private businessmen in
particular shall not be allowed to have a hand in this line of business.
If nothing is inappropriate, it is requested that the above be approved
and transmitted to all the localities and departments for implementation.



1981年1月19日